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The Satanic Verses incident, known in the Islamic literature as ''qissat al-gharaniq'' (''Story of the Cranes''), is the name given to the alleged occasion on which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad is reported to have mistaken the words of "satanic suggestion" for divine revelation. Narratives involving these alleged verses can be read in, among other places, the biographies of Muhammad by al-Wāqidī, Ibn Sa'd (who was a scribe of Waqidi) and Ibn Ishaq (as reconstructed by Alfred Guillaume), as well as the tafsir of al-Tabarī. The majority of Muslim scholars however have rejected the historicity of the incident on the bases of their weak ''isnads'' (chains of transmission) and the incompatibility of the incident with the theological doctrine of '''isma'' (Prophetic infallibility, divine protection of Muhammad from mistakes).〔 The first use of the expression 'Satanic Verses' is attributed to Sir William Muir (1858). ==Basic narrative== There are numerous accounts reporting the alleged incident, which differ in the construction and detail of the narrative, but they may be broadly collated to produce a basic account. The different versions of the story are all traceable to one single narrator Muhammad ibn Ka'b, who was two generations removed from biographer Ibn Ishaq.〔 In its essential form, the story reports that Muhammad longed to convert his kinsmen and neighbors of Mecca to Islam. As he was reciting Sūra an-Najm,〔(Q.53)〕 considered a revelation by the angel Gabriel, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after verses 19 and 20:
Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshipped by the Meccans. Discerning the meaning of "''gharāniq''" is difficult, as it is a ''hapax legomenon'' (i.e. only used once in the text). Commentators wrote that it meant the cranes. The Arabic word does generally mean a "crane" - appearing in the singular as ''ghirnīq, ghurnūq, ghirnawq'' and ''ghurnayq'', and the word has cousin forms in other words for birds, including "raven, crow" and "eagle". The subtext to the event is that Muhammad was backing away from his otherwise uncompromising monotheism by saying that these goddesses were real and their intercession effective. The Meccans were overjoyed to hear this and joined Muhammad in ritual prostration at the end of the ''sūrah''. The Meccan refugees who had fled to Abyssinia heard of the end of persecution and started to return home. Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel chastised Muhammad for adulterating the revelation, at which point is revealed to comfort him, Never sent We a messenger or a prophet before thee but when He recited (the message) Satan proposed (opposition) in respect of that which he recited thereof. But Allah abolisheth that which Satan proposeth. Then Allah establisheth His revelations. Allah is Knower, Wise. Muhammad took back his words and the persecution of the Meccans resumed. Verses were given, in which the goddesses are belittled. The passage in question, from 53:19, reads:
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